Moodle+Ch+9


 * Terms:**


 * The "Corrupt Bargain" -** three separate events that each involved a United States Presidential Election and a deal that was struck that many viewed to be corrupt from many standpoints, such as in the Election of 1824 controversy over the House of Representatve's choice for president with accused corruption on the part of the Speaker of the House, or in 1876 wherein accusations of corruption stemmed from officials involved in counting hotly needed electoral votes on both sides.**People: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson**


 * The Spoils System -** a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity. The term was derived from the phrase "'to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator **William L. Marcy**, referring to the victory of the Jackson Democrats in the election of 1828.


 * The National-Republican -** During the administration of John Quincy Adams, the president's supporters were referred to as **Adams Men** or **Anti-Jackson**. When Jackson became president in 1828, this group went into opposition. The use of the term "National Republican" dates from 1830. The ad-hoc coalition that supported John Quincy Adams fell apart after his defeat for reelection in 1828. The main opposition to Jackson, the new president, was the National Republican Party, or Anti-Jacksonians created and run by **Henry Clay.**


 * The Democratic-Republicans -** an American political party founded in the early 1790s by **Thomas Jefferson** and **James** **Madison**. It was formed first in Congress and then in every state to contest elections and oppose the programs of Treasury Secretary **Alexander Hamilton**. Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to counteract the Federalists, a nationwide party recently formed by Hamilton.

**The Tariff of Abominations** - In 1828 the Congress passed an import tax measure that came to be called the “Tariff of Abominations.” Contrived by the supporters of Andrew Jackson to embarrass the presidency of John Quincy Adams, the measure, according to John Randolph of Virginia, was designed less to support manufactures, but for “the manufacture of a President of the United States.” Although Jackson’s supporters did not intend for the measure to pass, it was approved by both houses of Congress and signed into law by President Adams on May 19, 1828.

**"The South Carolina Exposition" -** written in December 1828 by **John C. Calhoun**, the Vice President of the United States under **John Quincy Adams**. Calhoun did not formally state his authorship at the time, though it was known. The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by **Thomas** **Jefferson** and **James** **Madison** in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.


 * Webster-Hayne debate -** a famous debate in the U.S. between Senator **Daniel Webster** of Massachusetts and Senator **Robert Y. Hayne** of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs. The heated speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were unplanned, and stemmed from debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold (this would effectively stop the introduction of new lands onto the market). Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" (1830) was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress."


 * The Tariff of 1828 -** a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828 designed to protect industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the **Tariff of Abominations** by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. The goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed firstly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and secondly because reducing the importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.


 * Clay's Compromise -** an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican American War. The compromise, drafted by Whig **Henry Clay** and brokered by Democrat **Stephen Douglas** avoided secession or civil war at the time and quieted sectional conflict for four years.


 * The Force Bill -** 4 Stat. 632 (1833), enacted by the 22nd US Congress, consists of eight sections expanding Presidential power. The relevant sections are:


 * **Section 1** deals with unlawful obstructions to the collections of import duties; by securing ports and harbors for the protection of duty collectors, allowing for the detention of vessels and cargoes to enforce revenue laws, and authorizes the President to use armed expands the jurisdiction of federal courts to cases arising from revenue collections by the U.S. government and allows injured parties in revenue cases to sue in court. It deems property detained by customs officers to be in the custody of the law, subject to disposition by court order only, and criminalizes anyone who circumvents the legal process in regaining detained property as guilty of a misdemeanor.
 * **Section 5** deals with States, or portions within a state, who employ force, or any other unlawful means, to obstruct the execution of U.S. Federal Law, or interfere with the process of any Federal Court. This section authorizes the President to use whatever force necessary to suppress such insurrections, "and to cause the said laws or process to be duly executed".
 * **Section 6** deals with States who refuse to jail persons imprisoned under Federal law. It authorizes U.S. Marshals to jail such persons in "other convenient places, within the limits of said state" and to make provisions for this purpose.
 * **Section 8** is a sunset clause, stating that the "first and fifth sections of this act, shall be in force until the end of the next session of Congress, and no longer." It is not clear whether subsequent Acts of Congress extended these provisions.


 * Speculation -** a financial action that does not promise safety of the initial investment along with the return on the principal sum Speculation typically involves the lending of money or the purchase of assets, equity or debt but in a manner that has not been given thorough analysis or is deemed to have low margin of safety or a significant risk of the loss of the principal investment.


 * The Bank of the United States -** a bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The charter was for 20 years. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual states with their own banks, currencies, financial institutions, and policies. Officially proposed by **Alexander** **Hamilton**, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments. It was, however, eyed with great suspicion by the representatives of the Southern States, whose chief industry, agriculture, did not require centrally concentrated banks, and whose feelings of states' rights and suspicion of Northern motives ran strong.


 * Specie -** coined money, as opposed to paper money or other store of wealth; used before the printing of paper money


 * "Wildcat" Banks -** the unusual practices of banks chartered under state law during the periods of non-federally regulated state banking between 1816 and 1863 in the United States, also known as the Free Banking Era. This era, commonly described as an example of free banking, was not a period of true free banking, as banks were only free of federal regulation, and banking was still left to the states to regulate. The actual regulation of banking during this period varied from state to state.


 * Nicholas Biddle - (**Banker**)** After Biddle moved to the Pennsylvania State Senate, he lobbied for the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank was rechartered in 1816, and President **Monroe** appointed Biddle as a federal government director. Upon the resignation of Bank president **Langdon** **Cheves**in 1822, Biddle became president. During his association with the Bank, he was directed by Monroe, under authority from Congress, to prepare a "Commercial Digest" of the laws and trade regulations of the world. For many years after, it was regarded as an authority on the subject.


 * Whigs -** Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President **Andrew Jackson** and his Democratic party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny. The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as **Daniel** **Webster**, **William Henry Harrison**, and their preeminent leader, **Henry Clay** of Kentucky.


 * The Indian Removal Act -** signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 26, 1830. The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the **Cherokee** nation. President **Jackson** hoped removal would resolve the Georgia crisis. The Indian Removal Act was also very controversial. While Native American removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties. Most observers, whether they were in favor of the Indian removal policy or not, realized that the passage of the act meant the inevitable removal of most Indians from the states. Some Native American leaders who had previously resisted removal now began to reconsider their positions, especially after Jackson's landslide reelection in 1832.


 * The Bureau of Indian Affairs - Benjamin Franklin** and **Patrick Henry** were among the early commissioners, who were charged with negotiating treaties with Native Americans and obtaining their neutrality during the American Revolutionary War. In 1789, the United States Congress placed Native American relations within the newly-formed War Department. By 1806, the Congress had created a Superintendent of Indian Trade within the War Department who was charged with maintaining the factory trading network of the fur trade. The post was held by **Thomas L. McKenney** from 1816 until the abolition of the factory system in 1822. In 1832 Congress established the position of **Commissioner of Indian Affairs**. In 1869, **Ely Samuel Parker** became the first commissioner of Indian affairs who was himself an Indian.


 * The Trail of Tears -** the forced relocation and movement of Native Americans from the present-day United States. It has been described as an act of genocide. The removal included many members of the **Cherokee**, **Muscogee** (**Creek**), **Seminole**, and **Choctaw** nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma). The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while on route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.


 * Davy Crockett -** 1826 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Jacksonian. As a Congressman, Crockett supported the rights of squatters, who were barred from buying land in the West without already owning property. He also joined the Anti-Jacksonians in opposing President **Andrew****Jackson's** Indian Removal act, and his opposition to Jackson caused his defeat when he ran for re-election in 1830; however, he won when he ran again in 1832. As he explained, "I bark at no man's bid. I will never come and go, and fetch and carry, at the whistle of the great man in the White House no matter who he is."


 * Map:**