Moodle+Ch+21

**Stimson Doctrine- is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of ex injuria jus non oritur ( law does not arise from injustice). While some analysts have applied the doctrine in opposition to governments established by revolution, this usage is not widespread, and its invocation usually involves treaty violations. **

**fascism- **  a radical, authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists advocate the creation of a totalitarian single-party state that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation and the creation of an ideal "new man" to form a governing elite through indoctrination, physical education, and family policy including eugenics. Fascists believe that a nation requires strong leadership, singular collective identity, and the will and ability to commit violence and wage war in order to keep the nation strong. Fascist governments forbid and suppress opposition to the state. Fascism was founded by Italian national syndicalists in World War I who combined left-wing and right-wing political views, but it gravitated to the right in the early 1920s. Some scholars generally consider fascism to be on the far right, while others claim it is the extreme form of a centerist ideology.

**Adolf Hitler- **  was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and The Holocaust. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919, and became leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup d'état known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9, 1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, "My Struggle" (in German Mein Kampf), while imprisoned. After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

**Axis Powers- also known as the Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries, or just the Axis, comprised the countries that were opposed to the Allies during World War II.[1] The three major Axis powers—Germany, Japan, and Italy—were part of a military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, which officially founded the Axis powers. At their zenith, the Axis powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, but World War II ended with their total defeat and dissolution. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and other nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war. **

**Isolationism- i ** s a foreign policy adopted by a nation in which the country refuses to enter into any alliances, foreign trade or economic commitments, or international agreements in hopes of focusing all of its resources into advancement within its own borders while remaining at peace with foreign countries by avoiding all entanglements of foreign agreements. In other words, it asserts both of the following:
 * 1) Non-interventionism – Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial differences (self-defense).
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Protectionism – There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Nye Committee- officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a committee of the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in heightening public and political support for neutrality in the early stages of World War II. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Sudetenland- i ** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">s the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">The name is derived from the Sudeten mountains, though the Sudetenland extended beyond these mountains which run along the border to Silesia and contemporary Poland. The German inhabitants were called Sudeten Germans (German: Sudetendeutsche, Czech: Sudetští Němci, Polish: Niemcy Sudeccy). The German minority in Slovakia, the Carpathian Germans, is not included in this ethnic category.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Munich- the capital city of Bavaria (Bayern), Germany. It is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg. There are about 1.35 million people living within city limits. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and is a candidate city for the 2018 Winter Olympics. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">cash and carry- said it was a policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21, 1939, as World War II was spreading throughout Europe. It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936. The revision allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation. The purpose was to hold neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving material aid to Britain, exploiting the fact that Germany had no funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic. Various policies forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms. The U.S. economy was rebounding at this time, following the Great Depression, but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs. The cash and carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn Great Britain benefited from the purchase of arms and other goods. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">D-day- ** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, also known as Operation Overlord and Operation Neptune, during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 AM British Double Summer Time. In planning, D-Day was the term used for the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. The assault was conducted in two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France commencing at 6:30 AM. There were also decoy operations mounted under the codenames Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the German forces from the real landing areas.The operation was the largest amphibious invasion in world history, with over 160,000 troops landing on 6 June 1944. 195,700 Allied naval and merchant navy personnel in over 5,000 ships were involved. The invasion required the transport of soldiers and material from the United Kingdom by troop-laden aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the English Channel and naval fire-support. The landings took place along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Battle of the Bulge- also known as the Ardennes Offensive and the Von Rundstedt Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes Mountains region of Wallonia in Belgium, hence its French name (Bataille des Ardennes), and France and Luxembourg on the Western Front. The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ("Operation Watch on the Rhine"), after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein. This German offensive was officially named the Ardennes-Alsace campaign by the U.S. Army, but it is known to the English-speaking general public simply as the Battle of the Bulge, the "bulge" being the initial incursion the Germans put into the Allies' line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Big Three- ** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Prior to entering the war, the United States supported China, France, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union through commerce and military trade through the Lend Lease Act and consolidated support with the UK through the Atlantic Charter. The US also actively supported Chinese forces in their war against Japan, including cutting off trade of strategic resources to Japan and moving the U.S. Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Hawaii to address the threat of Japan. On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing the country into the European theatre. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">The US led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945. The US led Allied forces in the Western European theatre from 1943 to 1945, taking part in Allied bombings of Axis-controlled Europe and taking part in landings in Italy in 1943 and Normandy which culminated in the defeat of the European Axis powers in 1945.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Yalta- the Yalta conference was held between February 4–11, 1945, was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, the Crimea. It was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Harry S. Truman in place of the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, with Churchill replaced mid-point by the newly elected Prime Minister Clement Attlee. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Atlantic Charter- a pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the heads of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. In the United Nations declaration of 1 January 1942, the Allies of World War II pledged adherence to the charter's principles. The Charter set goals rather than a blueprint for the postwar world. It inspired many of the international agreements that shaped the world. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the post-war independence of European colonies, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Pearl Harbor- During the early nineteenth century Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of the United States in the Hawaiian Islands followed its whaling and trading ships in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an "Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen" was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu. These commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian political body. An 1826 incident illustrates some of the high-handed tactics used by colonizers of the islands at this time. When Percival's ship, Dolphin, arrived in Honolulu, an ordinance inspired by the missionaries, placed restrictions on alcoholic liquors and the taking of women aboard vessels in the Honolulu Harbor. Lieutenant Percival and members of his crew felt that the new vice laws were unfair and, with more than a mere threat of force, had them rescinded. This action was later renounced by the United States and resulted in the sending of an envoy to King Kauikeaouli. When Captain Thomas ap Catesby Jones arrived, in command of the Peacock, he was the first naval officer to visit Hawaii armed with instructions to discuss international affairs with the Hawaii King and Chiefs and to conclude a trade treaty. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Dwight Eisenhower- ** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;"> a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961, and the last to be born in the 19th century. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. A Republican, Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race to counter the non-interventionism of Sen. Robert A. Taft, and to crusade against "Communism, Korea and corruption". He won by a landslide, defeating Democrat Adlai Stevenson and ending two decades of the New Deal Coalition holding the White House.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Holocaust- the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory. Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust perished. Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' genocide of millions of people in other groups, including Romani (more commonly known in English by the exonym "Gypsies"), Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, homosexuals, people with disabilities, Jehovah's Witnesses and other political and religious opponents, which occurred regardless of whether they were of German or non-German ethnic origin. By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Manhattan Project- led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, which resulted in the development of the first atomic bomb during World War II. From 1942 to 1946 the project was under the command of Major General Leslie R. Groves Jr. of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District or Manhattan Engineer District (MED), but "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename for the project. The project had its roots in the Einstein–Szilárd letter, which warned that Nazi Germany might develop nuclear weapons. The letter was written by prominent physicists, signed by Albert Einstein, and delivered to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in October 1939. The Manhattan Project, which began as a small research program that year, eventually employed more than 130,000 people at a cost of nearly US$2 billion. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites, some secret, including universities across the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium-production facility at the Hanford Site in eastern Washington state, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Hiroshima- the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest island of Japan. It became best known as the first city in history to be destroyed by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on it at 8:15 A.M. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II. Hiroshima gained status on April 1, 1889. On April 1, 1980, Hiroshima became a designated city. The city's current mayor is Tadatoshi Akiba. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;">Harry S. Truman- T he 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term. During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war he became part of the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944. **